About Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1939 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Topics: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Generalized Anxiety DisorderSarah is eighteen years old. She frequently has migraines, difficulty sleeping, and muscle pains that are unable to be alleviated. Sarah experiences severe difficulty in social interactions, asking questions, and processing stress. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Generalized Anxiety Disorder" essay for you Create order From the time she was ten years old, Sarah could not control her overthinking, worry, or fear. This worry often interfered with her daily life and prevented her from functioning at a normal level. Sarah has Generalized Anxiety Disorder and is among the 18.1% of individuals over the age of 18 that suffer from it in America (Anxiety and Depression Association of America). Anxiety disorders, specifically Generalized Anxiety Disorder, can severely interfere with the mental and physical health of an individual and have a neurobiological basis of explanation, and sufferers are often subject to mental illness stigma. SYMPTOMS Generalized Anxiety Disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders, and unlike other disorders it is distinguished by the width of subjects that the patient worries about. Anxiety is considered a disorder when the worry interferes with the daily life of the individual (National Institute of Mental Health). Individuals like Sarah experience the common symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder such as fatigue, excessive worry, panic, and trouble concentrating (American Psychiatric Association). These symptoms can be found in the DSM-5 or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental health issues (American Psychiatric Association). For many sufferers, symptoms such as fatigue and inability to concentrate can increase anxiety. In addition to mental symptoms, GAD can often produce somatic symptoms such as muscle aches and migraines as well as gastrointestinal issues (Sareen par 12). Generalized Anxiety Disorder can manifest differently in different people. For example, John is a 48-year-old man who has been diagnosed with GAD. Johns anxiety manifests through a need for control over the people and things in his life, his anxiety often is communicated as anger instead of fear, and he is often irritable. Nina, an 18-year-old who was diagnosed with GAD at the age of 13, is often withdrawn and quiet. She experiences headaches and gastrointestinal issues. Her anxiety is communicated through excessive preparation for every possible scenario, a constant need for reassurance, and overthinking what she says or does. John and Nina both have the same disorder but they process and express their anxiety differently. Similarly to how healthy individuals process emotion and external stimuli differently depending on their personality, GAD patients interpret and process their anxiety differently as well. CAUSES Generalized Anxiety Disorder can have several different causes, as well as many risk factors. Environmental factors have long been considered a possible risk factor for developing GAD, as well as genetics and heredity. For example, those who experience childhood trauma or stresses, such as a divorce in the family or abuse, may be at a higher risk for developing GAD (Blanco). According to the American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry, other risk factors include: female sex, younger age, single or divorced marital status, low socioeconomic status, poor social supports, and low education (Sareen). Females face pressure in their daily life that can easily lead to anxiety, including street harassment, sexual harassment, and discrimination. Undergoing a divorce or being single can put a serious strain on financial income as well as putting a considerable amount of emotional stress on the individual. Low education and socioeconomic status could cause difficulty in finding emplo yment or advancing in status; for example, a lack of quality education can prevent someone from obtaining a higher-income job. All of the above-mentioned risk factors can increase anxiety in the individual experiencing them. When this anxiety is not properly dealt with and begins to interfere with the individuals life, they could be at risk for developing GAD. NEUROBIOLOGY OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER In the past, there was a very limited understanding of the neurological and biological basis for anxiety disorders. More recently, Generalized Anxiety Disorder has been studied on a neurobiological basis. Recent studies have documented differences in brains with anxiety disorders compared to healthy brains. One of these differences is in the amygdala, the part of the brain that controls fear responses. James Anderson explains this fear response, saying, The clusters of the amygdala are activated when an individual expresses feelings of fear or aggression. This occurs because the amygdala is the primary structure of the brain responsible for flight or fight response (Anderson par 36). This part of the brain is vital in processing emotion, particularly fear, and the activation of the amygdala in response to negative stimuli is an important factor of understanding anxiety. Anderson also explains the biological process that the body undergoes when experiencing anxiety, stating: Feelings of anxiety start with a catalyst an environmental stimulus that provokes stress. This can include various smells, sights, and internal feelings that result in anxiety. The amygdala reacts to this stimuli by preparing to either stand and fight or to turn and run. This response is triggered by the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. Consequently, blood sugar rises, becoming immediately available to the muscles for quick energy. Shaking may occur in an attempt to return blood to the rest of the body. A better understanding of the amygdala and its various functions may lead to a new way of treating clinical anxiety. (Anderson par 40) This reaction is the bodys way of preparing to face a danger, but when the body reacts this way often, it can be physically as well as mentally draining. This rise of adrenaline eventually wears off, and leaving the body to recover. This activation of the amygdala in response to negative stimuli is normal, exaggerated activation has been noted in anxiety-prone and diagnosed patients (Stein). In a study conducted by Murray B. Stein, two groups were tested to measure amygdala reaction in response to viewing negative emotions displayed on human faces. This task was used to attempt to measure the activation of parts of the limbic system during an emotion-processing task. Stein states that in response to this: We found increased amygdala and insula activation in young adult anxiety-prone non-patients relative to subjects with normative levels of anxiety proneness. We also found that the magnitude of activation in these limbic regions correlated moderately with several measures of anxiety proneness, such as anxiety sensitivity and neuroticism. (Stein et al) An increased activation means that there is an increased fear response, which gives biological proof for anxiety disorders. In addition to this overactivity, another study has found that the area of the brain that is partially responsible for regulating signals from the amygdala has shown a failure to activate, causing ineffective regulation of emotions and fear stimuli in the brain (Etkin et al). This region is called the pregenual cingulate cortex. Etkin states: Moreover, we recently found functional connectivity and structural evidence for an intra-amygdalar abnormality at a subregional level in generalized anxiety disorder (12). Thus, it appears that patients have deficits in both activating relevant control regions (pregenual cingulate) and in the connectivity required for such regions to exert control over limbic structures. (Etkin et al) The connections between parts of the limbic system are an important part of emotional regulation, and as stated above by Etkin, there was a lack or deficit in the functionality or existence of these connections. This would lead to an impaired ability to regulate emotion which is a possible cause of the excessive worry that GAD and other anxiety disorder patients face. The body has a system in place to regulate the emotions and stimuli that we experience every day, but what happens when it fails? The individual is then left with an onslaught of emotions that they have no way of processing. The overactivity of the amygdala and the failure of activation of the pregenual cingulate cortex are neurobiological evidence of the difference in the brain structure of individuals with anxiety disorders. Elizabeth Martin summarizes this concept in an excerpt from her study about the neurobiology of anxiety disorders, saying: The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders Commonalities in anxiety disorders include functional hyperactivity in limbic regions, particularly the amygdala, and the inability of higher cortical executive areas to normalize the limbic response to stimuli. (Martin et al) It is important to understand exactly how brains with anxiety disorders function. An understanding of these biological differences can help shift the attitude toward mental illnesses such as GAD away from personal responsibility of an individual and toward a comprehensive understanding of the true causes of anxiety disorders. STIGMA Mental illness has been surrounded by stigma. Stigma can take many forms, but is generally an association of negativity or prejudice toward a certain topic. Mental illness stigma often prevents or discourages people from seeking necessary treatment due to fear of discrimination or the negative reaction of others. According to Anxiety.org, a survey conducted in 2010 showed that 46% of surveyed adolescents with mental disorders reported experiencing unfair judgment from family members because of their disorders and 62% reported experiencing the same stigmatization from their peers (Anxiety.org). This level of judgment from friends, family, and society can deter an individual from seeking necessary treatment. For some individuals, this stigma prevents them from acknowledging that they need help, and self-stigmatization can worsen the symptoms they experience. For those who suffer from anxiety disorders, stigma can have an even worse effect. The constant worry caused by the disorder can heighten the fear of judgment from others which can become a barrier to seeking treatment. Due to fear of what others might think or say, they might avoid seeking help. By raising awareness of the reality of mental illness we can begin to dismantle the harmful stigma surrounding it. This can be done by educating ourselves about the causes of mental illness and having compassion for those who experience them. TREATMENTS Generalized Anxiety Disorder can be treated and many who live with this disorder can lead productive lives. Anxiety can be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a good option for those who prefer not to take medication because it addresses negative thinking patterns and helps the patient devise coping strategies to manage the symptoms of GAD (Mayo Clinic Staff). Luckily, there is little to no risk associated with CBT, although it could cause emotional discomfort or general discomfort. This type of treatment is a good way to address and attempt to manage symptoms of GAD. Antidepressants and SSRIs are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders. SSRIs work in the brain to keep serotonin in the synaptic cleft by preventing them from being reabsorbed. It is believed that high levels of serotonin can cause an elevated mood, thus working to alleviate symptoms (McIntosh). Sarah has been on SSRIs for several years and has reported an alleviation of anxiety symptoms. For many like Sarah, cognitive behavioral therapy isnt enough and medication is necessary. Not all of our brains are the same, however, and what works for some patients may not work for others. CONCLUSION Generalized Anxiety Disorder is one of the most common disorders in the U.S. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 6.8 million adults or 3.1% of the American population suffer from GAD (Anxiety and Depression Association of America). Fortunately, this disorder is highly treatable. While sufferers still continue to face social stigma, attitudes toward mental illness are changing. The evidence of neurobiological causes of mental illness has helped shift these attitudes away from personal responsibility and toward a comprehensive understanding of the true causes of anxiety disorders like GAD. There is no cure but individuals can live productive and fulfilling lives even while living with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Service Excellence and Customer Satisfaction - 616 Words

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Never reacting negatively to any situation but rather taking it in stride. An angry customer has a reason for feeling as they do and it’s the sales person’s job to find out why and turn it around. I work as a night auditor at the â€Å"Holiday Inn Express† and I show service excellence every time I work. I answers phones with manners and a perfect timing. When I greet guest, I make them feel as if they want to come back. I make small talk and ask them how their stay here was? Of course I ask with a smile. My customers comes back many times, IShow MoreRelatedMalcolm Baldrige Award: Mercy Health System Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesAward is a guide to achieve excellence in businesses. 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The Issue Of Horse Slaughter - 1656 Words

In today’s world dogs may very well be considered man’s best friend, but in the days of old horses weren’t just man’s best friend, they were the most important tool in his possession. From being a form transportation to being used in competitions and battles to even being a source of food, horses have always been an iconic figure in American history. Movies such as The Horse Whisperer, Dreamer, and Flicka portray horses as majestic and powerful creatures full of grace and beauty that are much more of a companion than a tool. This is quite possibly why the topic of horse slaughter has been such a taboo in today’s culture. While in many countries around the world horsemeat is considered a type of delicacy, to most American’s the idea of eating these exquisite creatures is hard to stomach. There are people who see no wrong in slaughtering horses just like any other livestock animal, though others find it inhumane and cruel. 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Medicine and Health National Health Services (NHS) England

Question: Describe about the Essay for Medicine and Health of National Health Services (NHS) England? Answer: The National Health Services (NHS) England is the publicly funded system of healthcare. It is fundamentally funded by the general taxation system, and the Department of Health provides health care services to all residents of the United Kingdom (2). Pharmacies are an important part of healthcare services, and there are 10475 community pharmacies in England as per the report of 2009. Total funding in 2010-2011 for community pharmacy was 2.49 billion pounds. Out of this 0.5 billion was the profit of pharmacies as reported by the Department of Health (3). Community pharmacies provide necessary services, like disposal of medicines, health promotion, dispensing, lifestyle advice, support for self-care, and directing to other services. A pharmacy also provides advanced services as long as the premises and the working pharmacist are accredited. In the context of the adverse funding scenario in present times, there is a need to take up actions for improving and sustaining patient services (4 ). With this aspect of the significance of pharmacies in community healthcare and adverse funding situations, the present writing is the advice to the Director General of the NHS that encompasses the ways to mobilise community pharmacies. The number of pharmacies has risen to 11,600 pharmacies in England in the year 2015. 1 billion prescriptions are dispensed in pharmacies every year. Out of these pharmacies, 48% are chain retailers with 100 and above stores, 39% are independent pharmacies, and 13% are chain retailers having 6 to 99 stores (6). As per the recent reports, the ministry is about the slashed funding of pharmacies in order to reduce the number of pharmacies. The pharmacies have been relying on the NHS for their majority income. The ministry plans to impose a 170 million pound cut for high street stores in October 2016. This decision is purely short-sighted and has the potential to deprive the majority of the vulnerable patients who are in the need of trusted health services. However, the government contradicts that the number of pharmacies has grown in an inappropriate manner, and there is no additional benefits of this huge number of pharmacies. This leads to the decision that around 2000 pharmacies can b e closed during a budget reduction in this year. The United Kingdom is at an important point where NHS is developing. This draws the attention of the concerned authority to address the issues faced in recent health care scenario. The NHS needs recommendations to mobilise community pharmacies (5). The first aspect that is to be mentioned in this regard is that pharmacy must be at the heart of the NHS. There lies real potential for greater use of community pharmacy in supporting healthy living and prevention of ill health. For having desirable pharmacy practices, there is a need to have clinically focused services in community pharmacy. This will give relief to the pressure on general physicians and emergency departments. It will also ensure that there is an optimal use of medicines, better patient outcomes and better value. Seven-day health care would be delivered in this manner (7). One good approach would be to add clinical pharmacists in general physician practices. This will promote pharmacists and pharmacies in the short-term. This must be taken further, and pharmacy must be brought closer to the wider primary care. Pharmacists are to bring the skills they have to more of general practices and must use the opportunities for improving and protecting the health of the common people. Alignment must be made with emerging models of care. There is a need of having a funding discussion with the community pharmacy sector on how to introduce the best funding for transforming community pharmacies operating in the NHS for bringing clear and distinct benefits to the public (8). Community pharmacies must play its role in delivering the efficiencies needed by the government to support the required productivity and efficiency. NHS must make sure that the community pharmacies that the people depend upon must continue to thrive. The NHS must put in more funds to certain pharmacies in comparison to others and this regard they must take into consideration factors like health needs of the population and location of the community. The NHS must also put up consultations on how to appropriately drive innovative models of making orders of prescriptions and collect medicines disposed of. All pharmacies must be allowed to have access to the efficiency put forward by the hub and spoke dispensing. Legislative changes would lower the operating costs and allow the pharmacies to provide more public health services and clinical services. Views and opinions of the pharmacy sector are welcome on deciding on how to support patient services and efficiency by innovative arrangement s. Effectiveness can be enhanced without compromising on the service quality. Pharmacies must not be in clusters and all communities must be having access to pharmacies. The advancements of large-scale automated dispensing arrangements would also provide opportunities, and it would maintain public access while pursuing efficiencies (1). As indicated, the budget for pharmacy is about to be reduced. Reduction in funding will take place from 2016. There is a desire to work closely with the community pharmacies to deliver high quality care to the patients. at the same time, there is a desire to retain good access to services in pharmaceuticals by online services and local community pharmacies. This would support the transformation of present pharmacy practices to a community pharmacy that is more clinically focussed. This would integrate with primary care. Pharmacists would have a more prominent role across the NHS. Opportunities are to be exploited for improving and protecting the health of the people. The consultation process is a vital opportunity to help developments and inform the decisions taken up by the department of health. This would shape the role of pharmacy in NHS in future. The main would always remain to give benefits to the public. References gov.uk. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 24 February 2016]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/486941/letter-psnc.pdf england.nhs.uk. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 24 February 2016]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/comm-pharm-better-quality-resilient-urgent-care.pdf Todd A, Copeland A, Husband A, Kasim A, Bambra C. The positive pharmacy care law: an area-level analysis of the relationship between community pharmacy distribution, urbanity and social deprivation in England. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005764-e005764. Brown D, Portlock J, Rutter P, Nazar Z. From community pharmacy to healthy living pharmacy: Positive early experiences from Portsmouth, England. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2014;10(1):72-87. Wells K, Thornley T, Boyd M, Boardman H. Views and experiences of community pharmacists and superintendent pharmacists regarding the New Medicine Service in England prior to implementation. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2014;10(1):58-71. Lea V, Corlett S, Rodgers R. Delegation: a solution to the workload problem? Observations and interviews with community pharmacists in England. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2015;. Robson J, Dostal I, Sheikh A, Eldridge S, Madurasinghe V, Griffiths C et al. The NHS Health Check in England: an evaluation of the first 4 years. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e008840. Marshall M, Bindman A. The Role of Government in Health Care Reform in the United States and England. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2016;176(1):9.